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HORMONES: BRAIN - YOUR MOST POWERFUL GLAND
In the last 20 years, scientists have discovered that the brain puts out scores of hormones to control other glands and organs. Not all of these speedy messengers are known or named.
The brain acts as a switchboard between your mental and physical lives. By releasing hormones to travel to distant organs, your brain translates your emotional upsets into physical responses – a rapid heartbeat, a stomachache, inflamed intestines.
The brain controls, first of all, the master gland -the pituitary. Just above the pituitary lies a tangle of nerves known as the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus spews out several chemicals that release the major hormones from the pituitary. Here's a brief summary of the process:
The growth hormone releasing factor triggers growth hormone from the pituitary. This is the substance that is enabling Scotty Floyd to grow to normal height.
The growth hormone inhibiting factor controls the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Called somatostatin, it helps regulate our growth and probably protects us from becoming giants.
Several new drugs -somatostatin-like compounds -are effectively treating disorders linked to this hormone.
The thyrotropin releasing factor lets thyrotropin go to the thyroid. It's like a double play in baseball: the brain triggers the pituitary, which, in turn, triggers the thyroid gland to produce its thyroid hormone.
The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) does the same for the sex organs: brain to pituitary to sex glands. Doctors give this hormone to women who cannot ovulate. In some infertile men, the hormone increases sperm production.
Chemists have developed artificial cousins of GnRH that are even more powerful. These substances are being tested against prostate gland cancer. Male hormones stimulate the growth of this cancer. By giving the hormone steadily and in large doses, doctors can shut off the testes' production of male sex hormone and slow the cancer. In women, these sex hormones could be used to treat premenstrual tension and a disease called endometriosis, in which tissue from the lining of the womb invades other parts of the pelvis.
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a major stress control hormone. First isolated from human tissue in 1981 by Dr. Wylie Vale of the Salk Institute, CRF may be the key to understanding chronic stress and whether it is of psychological or physical origin.
CRF triggers the pituitary to secrete Cortisol (an adrenal hormone) and also stimulates the brain to activate the fight-or-flight response.
"In the short run, your body response mechanism is good for you," says Dr. Vale. "You are ready to act. But if you are chronically under stress, you suppress your immune system, your appetite, and your reproductive system. Chronic stress also suppresses growth in children."
To counteract this suppression, Dr. Vale and his associates developed the first agent that blocks the action of the hormone, called a CRF blocker, in the hope that resultant drugs will be able to relieve patients who over-respond to stress situations.
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HORMONAL
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